Works related to Ruth Benedict's Theory of Shame (vs. Guilt) in Japanese culture in Japanese.

From notebook

Works related to Ruth Benedict's Theory of Shame (vs. Guilt) in Japanese culture in Japanese. Tsuda Sayuukichi? "'Kiku to Katana" no Kuni - Gaikokujin no Nihonjinkan ni tuite" 1961 (The Land of 'Chrysanthemum and the Sword’ - With regard to Foreigner's view of the Japanese")

Keiichi Sakuda "Haji no Bunka Saikou" (Re-thinking the Culture of Shame), 1967, Chikumashobou.

Mikihachirou Tatara "Haji to Iji: Nihonjin no Shinnri Kouzou" (Shame and pride/face/stance: The Psychological Structure of the Japanese" - which includes some discussion of the differences between Benedict and Sakuda, above)

Hiroshi Minami "Nihonjinron - Meiji kara Kyou made"1994 ("Theory of the Japanese/Nihonjinron: From Meiji to the present time". A breif mention pp.196-201)

The following four papers where published in a special edition of the Magazine "Minzokugaku　Kenkyuu" Called "Ruusu Benedicto 'Kiku to Katana" ni Ataerareru mono" ("What can be gained from Ruth Benedict's 'Chrysanthemum and the Sword'") in May 1950.

Takeyoshi Kawashima "Hyouka to Hihan" (Appraisal and criticism)

Hiroshi Minami "Shakaishinnjigaku no Tachiba kara" ("From the point of view of Social Psychology")

Ariga ? "Nihon Shakai Kouzou ni Okeru Kaisousei no Mondai" (The problem of social stratification in the Structure of Japanese Society)

Teturou Watusji "Kagaku Hyouka ni taisuru Gimon" ("Doubts about Scientific Appraisal")

Kunio Yanagida "Jinjoujin no Jinseikan" ("The life-view of Normal people")

Shu Kishida "Gensou no Mirai" ("The Future of an Illusion" where he takes up the Benedictian dichotomy, without really acknowledging her, and develops it with his own brand of psychoanalysis. Interesting. )

Nakamura Yujirou "Nihon Bunka ni okeru Aku to Tsumi" (Evil and Shame in Japanese Culture).

Osamu Kitayama "Haji" 1996 (Shame - Looking at the roots of shame in Japanese mythology and folklore but not really referencing Benedict)

Inoue Tadashｉ "Sekentei", 1977, ("Wordly body" Sekentei is an important concept in understanding Japanese shame. It is the body, or perhaps face, that one presents to "seken no me", the eyes of the world.)

Murakami Katsutoshi "Gaikokujin ni yoru Sengo Nihonron: Bedikuto kara Uofuren made" (Postwar Theories of Japan by foreigners: From Benedict to Wolfren", 1997, Sousha, Tokyo.

Pauline Kent " Ruth Benedict and her wartime studies : primary materials and references - Authors Trans", Published by the Author?, Stored at Nichibunken, Kyoto.

Pauline Kent "Tsumi no Bunka to Haji no Bunka SaikoBunka Taisho to Bunka Hikaku" (Guilt Cultures and Shame Cultures: Contrasts and Comparisons), Annals of Human Sciences, No. 10, Faculty of Human Sciences, Osaka University, 1989.

Nanako Fukui "Kenkyuu nooto 'Kiku to Katana' no Haikei" (“The Chrysanthemum and the Sword”:The Story behind the Book -Author's Trans), 1996, Bulletin of International Research Center for Japanese Studies, 13, p. 35-45. (The author is the translator of “The Chrysanthemum and the Sword”)

Nanako Fukui, From "Japanese Behavior Patterns" to "The Chrysanthemum and the Sword," 1995, Kansai.

Yoshiya Soeda "Nihonbunka Shiron: Benedikuto 'Kiku to Katana' wo Yomu" (Towards a Theory of Japanese Culture: Reading Benedict's 'The Chysanthemum and the Sword'", 1993, Shinyousha.

Doug Lummis's Uchinaru gaikoku - kiku to katana no saikou,("The Foreign Country Within - Rethinking 'The Chysanthemum and the Sword') Jiji tsushinsha, 1980.

Works related to Ruth Benedict's Theory of Shame (vs. Guilt) in Japanese culture in English Richard Minear 'The wartime studies of the Japanese national character' in Japan Interpreter, xv111,1, summer 1980, pp. 36-59. Bennett, John W. and Michio Nagai, "The Japanese Critique of the Methodology of Benedict's _Chrysanthemum and the Sword_." _American Anthropologist_ 55.3 (August 1953): 404-411. (I guess that this *may* be a review of the special issue of "Minzokugaku Kenkyu" Articles mentioned above. Thank's to David Olson) J. de Rivera "Comparing Experiences Accross Cultures: Shame and guilt in American and Japanese.", 1989, Hiroshima Forum for Psychology, 14, 13-20. Mikihachirou Tatara, "Cultural Characteristics of Taijin Kyoufu-sho (Anthropo-phobia) and its psychotherapeautic treatment. Hiroshima Forum for Psychology, 3, 76-71. Pauline Kent "Ruth Benedict: The Shadows of Patterns", Awai, No. 3-4, Osaka University, 1989. Pauline Kent "Ruth Benedict's Original Wartime Study of the Japanese", International Journal of Japanese Sociology, No.3, 1994. Pauline Kent "An Appendix to the Chrysanthemum and the Sword : A Bibliography", 1995, Nichibunken Japan review, 6, 107-125. (Web Site includes abstract). Pauline Kent "Misconceived Configurations of Ruth Benedict",1996, Nichibunken Japan review, 7, p33-60. (Web Site includes abstract). Pauline Kent "Shame as a Social Sanction in Japan:Shameful Behaviour as Perceived by the Voting Public", 1992, Nichibunken Japan review, 3, p 97-130. (Web Site includes abstract). Pauline Kent "The Consummate Cultural Relavist? Ruth Benedict's Approach to Japan, in Alison Tokita (ed.) "Mapping Japanese culture" (Volume 1 of 4 in the series: "Japanese Studies: Communities, Cultures, Critiques", plus two further volumes of working papers from the JSAA conference, Melbourne, July 1997) Volume 1 also contains papers by Masao Miyoshi, Norma Field, Yoshio Sugimoto, Tessa Morris-Suzuki, Gavan McCormack. These volumes can be ordered from: Ms Emma Hegarty, Publications Officer, Monash University. (Thanks to Ms. Alison Tokita) Endymion Wilkinson. "Japan versus the West: image and reality", Penguin Books, 1990. C. Douglas Lummis "A new look at the chrysanthemum and the sword",1982, Shohakusha, Tokyo. Millie R. Creighton, "Revisiting Shame and Guilt Cultures: A Forty-Year Pilgrimage" _Ethnos_, September 1990 (Vol. 18, No. 3), pp. 279-307. Yoshino, Kosaku. Cultural Nationalism in Contemporary Japan: A Sociological Inquiry. London: Routledge, 1992, especially 32-36, with a short guide to Japanese criticism in the footnotes. (Thanks to Paul Barclay Assistant Professor Department of History Lafayette College) Janssens, Rudolf V.A. "Toilet Training, Shame and the Influence of Alien Cultures: Cultural Anthropologists and American Policy Making for Postwar Japan 1944-1945." In Anthropology and Colonialism in Asia and Oceania, ed. Jan van Bremen and Akitoshi Shimizu, 285-304. Richmond: Curzon Press, 1999. (Thanks to Paul Barclay Assistant Professor Department of History Lafayette College)

On the Internet

Michael Mosher A review of Chrysanthemum and the Sword TANAKA Tomoyuki On Theories of Japan like that of Benedict. Posts Relating to Ruth Benedict on DFS Mailing List

A biography of Ruth Benedict Benedict Register Ruth Fulton Benedict Papers Vassar College Library Ruth Fulton Benedict (1887-1948) : Library of Congress Citations

Other works on Shame in Japanese include

Sachio Uchinuma "Shuuchi no Kouzou: Taijin Kyoufushou no Seishin Byouri" 1983 (The Structure of Embarrassment/Shame - The Pathology of Social Phobia”. Taijin Kyoufushou - social phobia - is a psychological illness found specifically among Japanese. It is related to “Sekimenshou” Blushing syndrome. ) Hiroshi Sakisaka, "Haji no Kouzou - Nihon Bunka no Shinsou" "The Structure of Shame: The deep level/subconscious of Japanese Culture" Hiroshi Sakisaka, "Tajinkyoufushou no Ningengaku"( The Humanology of Anthropo-phobia), 1977, Kinokuniyashoten. Haruo Kaneko "Haji to Ryoushin" ("Shame and Conscience") 1895 Mito Hiroshi? Ooyake? "Haji wo Suteta Nihonjin - Minshushugi to Ie no Riron" ("Japanese who have thrown away Shame - Democracy and the "ie" Theory") Yoshikawa Takehiko "Haji no Bunka to Seishinchiryou" ("The Culture of Shame and Psychotherapy") Tougi Michiko "Hazukashii No Kouzou" (The Structure of Embarrassment) Bin Kimura "Nihonjin no Taijin kyoufushou", 1980 Kenichirou Okano "Hachi no seishin Bunseki"(The psychoanalysis of Shame), 1962, Seishin Bunseki Kenkyuu (Psychoanalytical Research), 36, 191-200. Kenichirou Okano, "'Kabingata' jikoaiseikaku shougai ni okeru zaiakukan to Edipus Kattou" ("'Oversensitivity' Guilt and Oedipal Conflict in cases of damaged self-love characters?"), 1993, Seishin Bunseki Kenkyuu (Psychoanalytical Research), 37, 150-162. Kenichirou Okano, "Haji no Byouri no Hasseiron", 1994, (A theory of the Genesis of Pathological Shame", Seishin Bunseki Kenkyuu (Psychoanalytical Research), 38, 12-21. Sugahara Kensuke "Hito ha Naze Hazukashigarunoka" 1998. Contents list in Japanese here. Sugahara Kensuke is the leading social psychologist on embarrassment (related to shame, with the same kanji) He only briefly mentions Benedict but he does some interesting experiments on, for example, the emotions experienced by people renting pornographic videos and getting singled out for exceptional performance. As Sakuda points out, one feels shame (hazukashisa) when one does well as well as when one does badly. )

Benedict's theory is also mentioned briefly in (Thanks to Gordon Mathews Tokyo University of Foreign Studies/Chinese University of Hong Kong) Takeo Doi "The Anatomy of Dependence" P Dale "The Myth of Japanese Uniqueness"

Books on Shame, not related to Japanese Culture (with links to Amazon.com) Charles Darwin "The expression of Emotions in Man and the Animals", 1872, The University of Chicago Press, London. Donal L. Nathanson "Shame and Pride: Affect, Sex, and the Birth of the Self", 1992, Nortn, New York. Gershen Kaufman "Shame: The Power of Caring", 1980, Schenkman Books, Rochester: Vermont. Gershen Kaufman "The Psychology of Shame : Theory and Treatment of Shame-Based Syndromes ",1996, Free Press, New York. Michael Lewis "Shame: The Exposed Self", 1992, The Free Press, New York. Carl Goldberg "Understanding Shame", 1991, Jason Aronson, Northvale: New Jersey. Helen Merryll Lynd "On Shame and the Search for Identity", 1967, John Wiley and Sons, New York. (Out of print. Mentions positive aspects of shame.) Herbert Morris "Guilt and Innocence: Essays in Legal Philosophy and Moral Psychology",1976, University of California Press, Berkely and Los Angeles: California. pp,59-64 (Our of Print. In my view a traditional Western view of the distinction between shame and guilt. I must have read it but...Bernard Wiliams quotes it as being a reference to support the assertion that *guilt is related to the voice* Wow. Must buy and read again.) Susan B. Miller, "Shame in Context",1996, The Analytic Press, Hillsdale: New Jersey. Jean Claude Bologne "L'Histoire de la Pudeur", 1986, Editions Olivier Orban, Paris. Translated by Takayasu Ooya into Japanese as "Shuuchi no Rekishi: Hito wa Naze Seiki wo Kakuso no ka"(The history of Shame - Why do people hide their sexual organs?), 1994, Chikumashobou, Tokyo. A.P. Morrison ""Shame: The underside of Narcissism", 1989, Analytic Press, Hillsdale: New Jersey. F. Broucek, "Shame and the Self", 1991, The Guildford Press, New York.

Books about Ruth Benedict

Hilary Lapsley "Margaret Mead and Ruth Benedict : The Kinship of Women" Margaret M. Caffrey Ruth Benedict : Stranger in This Land (American Studies Series) Judith Modell Ruth Fulton Benedict (University of Pennsylvania Press, 1983).

By the Compiler

While many are inclined to say that the difference between guilt and shame is that guilt is internal whereas shame is external, my own view is that the difference between guilt and shame can be understood as a difference in the *medium* of self representation. Guilt is linguistic self reflection. Shame is "imaginary" (in the sense of imagined/visual aka Lacan ) self-reflection.

This idea gets a brief mention in my social psychology paper -

Timothy Leuers, Naoko Sonoda "The Independent Self Bias 1999 Toshio Sugiman Ed " Progress in Asian Social Psychology (vol. 2)" All translations and phonetics are my own and may be mistaken.